ARW Fukuyama's issue

a)
According to Fukuyama, genetic engineering has a lot of difficulties and it seems it is not likely to be in real. However, the development of techonology is so rapid that no body can't know what will happen. Therefore, he can't say it is impossible. In fact, selection of sex is possible now and the doctor in the movies we saw said it is possible to select physical traits such as eye or hair color.

There are mailny 3 obstacles.
First, the mechanism of genes are very complex. A single gene has mutiple roles and function. It influences many other genes or functions. Therefore, if the genetic engineering is practiced, unexpected effects will be occured. The correlations of genes are unknown. However, the genetic engineering can be succeeded before the achievement of whole clarification of gene. These days, technology have been making rapid progress and there is no proof that the genetic engineering can't be suceeded because of complexity of gene.

Second, there is an ethical problem: human experimentation. As mentioned before, a single has not only one function and genes have very complex interactions. Therefore, it is impossible to anticipate every effects which come from arrangement of gene. The only way to know is to practice genetic engineering. The cases of eperimental stage is inevitable. It means there will be embryos or babies which are used as laboratory materials. However, embryo or babies can't tell their will. Their parents can give consent but babies or embryos can't. Hence, it will be problem of rights or other ethical problem. Using consequentialism idea, those experiments are worthy if genetic engineering finally suceeded and helped many people. Same as drugs, there are many helpful and valid drugs which have been helped many people's life. However, those achievements can exist because of accumulation of experimentations.

Third, if above two obstacles are solved and the genetic engineering generlized, the human nature can be changed. So far, it seems impossible to change, because the large amount and range of genetic engineerings have to be carried out. The number of birth is enormous, so it is impossible the number of genetic engineerings to exceed the birth number.

There are dangers of the genetic engineering. If people consider about the dangers which come from genetic engineering, unbalance of sex ratios, alteration of human nature, or ethical problem will be raised. However, the problems are not only what we anticipate. There may be many problems we are not expecting.

In the last, Fukuyama mentions that the genetic engineering can influence politics of countries. Moreover, if the genetic enginerring generlized among all human, the fundamental notion of human such as molartiy, justice, meaning of good life, or personality can alter. The fixed idea or notion which we think obvious now will be not obvious.

b)
I want to know what is the difference between eugenics and the genetic engineering. I think the concept and goals are similar.
Also, I want to talk about human cloning. I did debate of it when I was in high school and it was veeerrry controvertial. I was in the side of anti-human cloning. Therefore, I could points out a lot of ethical problem of human cloning. But the other side of people have to talk about benefits of human cloning and they said very scary and radical opinions. (Actually there are persuasive benefits) However, I though it can be treated as scary and unhuman opinion. The reserch of human cloning has been progressing. Fukuyama said that the human cloning suceeds before genetic enginerring. Therefore, the discussion of human cloning have to be developed before it suceeds.